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Messier 67

Coordinates: Sky map 08h 51.4m 00s, +11° 49′ 00″
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Messier 67
Open cluster Messier 67 in Cancer
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Right ascension08h 51.3m
Declination+11° 49′
Distance~2.61–2.93 kly (800–900 pc[1][2][3][4])
Apparent magnitude (V)6.1
Apparent dimensions (V)30.0′
Physical characteristics
Radius10 ly[citation needed]
Estimated age3.2 to 5 billion years
Other designationsNGC 2682, Cr 204
Associations
ConstellationCancer
See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters

Messier 67 (also known as M67 or NGC 2682) and sometimes called the King Cobra Cluster or the Golden Eye Cluster[5] is an open cluster in the southern, equatorial half of Cancer. It was discovered by Johann Gottfried Koehler in 1779. Estimates of its age range between 3.2 and 5 billion years. Distance estimates are likewise varied, but typically are 800–900 parsecs (2,600–2,900 ly).[1][2][3][4] Estimates of 855, 840, and 815 pc were established via binary star modelling and infrared color-magnitude diagram fitting.[2][3][4]

Description

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M67 is not the oldest known open cluster, several Milky Way clusters are known to be older, yet farther than M67. It is a paradigm study object in stellar evolution:[6]

  • it is well-populated
  • has negligible amounts of dust obscuration
  • all its stars are at the same distance and age, save for approximately 30 anomalous blue stragglers

M67 is one of the most-studied open clusters, yet estimates of its physical parameters such as age, mass, and number of stars of a given type, vary substantially. Richer et al. estimate its age to be 4 billion years, its mass to be 1080 solar masses (M☉), and number its white dwarfs at 150.[7] Hurley et al. estimate its current mass to be 1,400 M☉ and its initial mass to be approximately 10 times as great.[8]

It has more than 100 stars similar to the Sun, and numerous red giants. The total star count has been estimated at well over 500.[9] The ages and prevalence of Sun-like stars had led some astronomers to theorize it as the possible parent cluster of the Sun.[10] However, computer simulations disagree on whether the outer Solar System would have survived an ejection from M67,[11][12] and the cluster itself would probably not have survived such an ejection event.[13]

The cluster contains no main sequence stars bluer (hotter) than spectral type F, other than perhaps some of the blue stragglers, since the brighter stars of that age have already left the main sequence. In fact, when the stars of the cluster are plotted on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, there is a distinct "turn-off" representing the stars which have terminated hydrogen fusion in the core and are destined to become red giants. As a cluster ages, the turn-off moves progressively down the main sequence to cooler stars.

It appears that M67 has a bias toward heavier stars. One cause of this is mass segregation, the process by which lighter stars gain speed at the expense of more massive stars during close encounters, which moves them to greater average distance from the center of the cluster or allows escape altogether.[14]

A March 2016 joint AIP/JHU study by Barnes et al. on rotational periods of 20 Sun-like stars, measured by the effects of moving starspots on light curves, suggests that these approximately 4 billion-year old stars spin in about 26 days – like the Sun, which has a period at the equator of 25.38 days.[15] Measurements were carried out as part of the extended K2 mission of Kepler space telescope. This reinforces the applicability of many key properties of the Sun to stars of the same size and age, a fundamental principle of modern solar and stellar physics.[16] The authors abbreviate this as the "solar-stellar connection".[16]

Planets

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A radial velocity survey of M67 has found exoplanets around five stars in the cluster: YBP 1194, YBP 1514, YBP 401, Sand 978, and Sand 1429.[17][18][19][20] A sixth star, Sand 364, was also thought to have a planet, but a follow-up study did not find evidence for it and concluded that the radial velocity variations have a non-planetary origin, likely stellar variability.[21]

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  • Messier 67 (SDSS, optical and near-infrared)
    Messier 67 (SDSS, optical and near-infrared)
  • Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for two open clusters, M67 and NGC 188, showing color-magnitude data
    Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for two open clusters, M67 and NGC 188, showing color-magnitude data
  • Artist's impression video showing a hot Jupiter exoplanet orbiting close to a star in Messier 67
  • Artist's impression of a hot Jupiter exoplanet in the star cluster Messier 67
    Artist's impression of a hot Jupiter exoplanet in the star cluster Messier 67

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Paunzen, E.; Mermilliod, J.-C. "WEBDA page for open cluster NGC 2682". WEBDA. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  2. ^ a b c Sarajedini, Ata; Dotter, Aaron; Kirkpatrick, Allison (2009). "Deep 2MASS Photometry of M67 and Calibration of the Main-Sequence J - KS Color Difference as an Age Indicator". The Astrophysical Journal. 698 (2): 1872–1878. arXiv:0904.2907. Bibcode:2009ApJ...698.1872S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1872. S2CID 11654120.
  3. ^ a b c Yakut, K.; Zima, W.; Kalomeni, B.; Van Winckel, H.; Waelkens, C.; De Cat, P.; Bauwens, E.; Vučković, M.; Saesen, S.; Le Guillou, L.; Parmaksızoğlu, M.; Uluç, K.; Khamitov, I.; Raskin, G.; Aerts, C. (2009). "Close binary and other variable stars in the solar-age Galactic open cluster M 67". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 503 (1): 165. arXiv:0906.4908. Bibcode:2009A&A...503..165Y. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911918. S2CID 1136371.
  4. ^ a b c Majaess, Daniel J.; Turner, David G.; Lane, David J.; Krajci, Tom (2011). "Deep Infrared ZAMS Fits to Benchmark Open Clusters Hosting delta Scuti Stars". Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (Jaavso). 39 (2): 219. arXiv:1102.1705. Bibcode:2011JAVSO..39..219M.
  5. ^ Martina McGovern. "M67 Open cluster". British Astronomical Association. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  6. ^ Xiao-Bin Zhang; Rong-Xian Zhang & Zhi-Ping Li (2005). "S1280 and S1284: Two Oscillating Blue Stragglers in the Open Cluster M67". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 5 (6): 579–586. Bibcode:2005ChJAA...5..579Z. doi:10.1088/1009-9271/5/6/003.
  7. ^ Harvey B. Richer; Gregory G. Fahlman; Joanne Rosvick; Rodrigo Ibata (1998). "The White Dwarf Cooling Age of M67". The Astrophysical Journal. 504 (2): L91. arXiv:astro-ph/9806172. Bibcode:1998ApJ...504L..91R. doi:10.1086/311586. S2CID 17309096.
  8. ^ Jarrod R. Hurley; Onno R. Pols; Sverre J. Aarseth; Christopher A. Tout (2005). "A Complete N-body Model of the Old Open Cluster M67". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 363 (1): 293–314. arXiv:astro-ph/0507239. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.363..293H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09448.x. S2CID 17632739.
  9. ^ W. L. Sanders (1977). "Membership of the open cluster M67". Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 27: 89–116. Bibcode:1977A&AS...27...89S.
  10. ^ "Did Our Solar System Originate in a Distant Star Cluster?". Daily Galaxy. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  11. ^ Jørgensen, Timmi G; Church, Ross P (11 March 2020). "Stellar escapers from M67 can reach solar-like Galactic orbits". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (4): 4959–4974. arXiv:1905.09586. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa185.
  12. ^ Pichardo, Bárbara; Moreno, Edmundo; Allen, Christine; Bedin, Luigi R.; Bellini, Andrea; Pasquini, Luca (February 2012). "The Sun was not born in M 67". The Astronomical Journal. 143 (3): 73. arXiv:1201.0987. Bibcode:2012AJ....143...73P. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/73. S2CID 119266159. article ID 73.
  13. ^ Webb, Jeremy J; Price-Jones, Natalie; Bovy, Jo; Portegies Zwart, Simon; Hunt, Jason A S; Mackereth, J Ted; Leung, Henry W (11 May 2020). "Searching for solar siblings in APOGEE and Gaia DR2 with N-body simulations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 494 (2): 2268–2279. arXiv:1910.01646. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa788.
  14. ^ Ch. Bonatto & E. Bica (2003). "Mass segregation in M67 with 2MASS" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 405 (2): 525. Bibcode:2003A&A...405..525B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030205.
  15. ^ Sydney A. Barnes; Jörg Weingrill; Dario Fritzewski; Klaus G. Strassmeier; Imants Platais (2016). "Rotation periods for cool stars in the 4 Gyr-old open cluster M67, the solar-stellar connection, and the applicability of gyrochronology to at least solar age". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 16. arXiv:1603.09179. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...16B. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/16. S2CID 89613927.
  16. ^ a b "Stars nearly as old as Sun found to have similar spin rates". Astronomy Now. 17 May 2016.
  17. ^ Brucalassi, A.; Pasquini, L.; et al. (January 2014). "Three planetary companions around M 67 stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561: L9. arXiv:1401.4905. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...9B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322584.
  18. ^ Brucalassi, A.; Pasquini, L.; et al. (July 2016). "Search for giant planets in M67. III. Excess of hot Jupiters in dense open clusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 592: L1. arXiv:1606.05247. Bibcode:2016A&A...592L...1B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527561.
  19. ^ Brucalassi, A.; Koppenhoefer, J.; et al. (July 2017). "Search for giant planets in M 67. IV. Survey results". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 603: A85. arXiv:1703.04296. Bibcode:2017A&A...603A..85B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527562.
  20. ^ Thomas, Luis; Saglia, Roberto; et al. (March 2024). "Search for giant planets in M67 V: a warm Jupiter orbiting the turn-off star S1429". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 686: A19. arXiv:2403.02911. Bibcode:2024A&A...686A..19T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449233.
  21. ^ Zhou, Qijia; Latham, David W.; et al. (October 2023). "False Planets around Giant Stars: A Case Study of Sanders 364 in M67". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (4): 160. Bibcode:2023AJ....166..160Z. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acf291.
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