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Callistemon

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Callistemon
Red bottlebrush flower
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Subfamily: Myrtoideae
Tribe: Melaleuceae
Genus: Callistemon
R.Br.[1]

Callistemon /ˌkælɪˈstiːmən/[2] is a genus of shrubs in the family Myrtaceae, first described as a genus in 1814.[3] The entire genus is endemic to Australia but widely cultivated in many other regions and naturalised in scattered locations.[4] Their status as a separate taxon is in doubt, some authorities accepting that the difference between callistemons and melaleucas is not sufficient for them to be grouped in a separate genus.

Description

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Callistemon species have commonly been referred to as bottlebrushes because of their cylindrical, brush like flowers resembling a traditional bottle brush. They are mostly found in the more temperate regions of Australia, especially along the east coast and typically favour moist conditions so when planted in gardens thrive on regular watering.[citation needed] However, two species are found in Tasmania and several others in the south-west of Western Australia. At least some species are drought-resistant and some are used in ornamental landscaping elsewhere in the world.[citation needed]

Bottlebrush seed capsules
Callistemon citrinus
Callistemon pallidus
Callistemon viminalis
Callistemon viminalis in suburban Adelaide, South Australia.
Callistemon viminalis
Bottlebrush or Little John -- Dwarf Callistemon

Taxonomy

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The Latin name Callistemon comes from the combination of 2 Greek words of 'callis' meaning beauty and 'stemon' meaning stamen, referring to the flowers of the plant.[5]

The genus Callistemon was first formally described in 1814 by Robert Brown.[6][7] In his description he noted that the genus includes “those species of Metrosideros that have inflorescence similar to that of Melaleuca, and distinct elongated filaments.”[6] Carl Linnaeus had described the genus Melaleuca in 1767[8] and in 1867, George Bentham brought all the Metrosideros species into Melaleuca. Bentham described melaleucas as having stamens united in bundles opposite the (five) petals.[9]

In his 1864 description of Callistemon salignus in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae, Ferdinand von Mueller noted that the difference between the genera was “entirely artificial” (“omnino artificiale").[10] George Bentham also noted in Flora Australiensis that Callistemon “passes gradually into Melaleuca, with which F. Mueller proposes to unite it.”[11] In 1876, Henri Ernest Baillon proposed in Histoire des Plantes that Callistemon, as well as Calothamnus and Lamarchea be merged into Melaleuca.[12]

Nevertheless, most authors had preserved the distinction between the two genera Callistemon and Melaleuca until 1998. In that year, in recognition of the fact that the callistemons and melaleucas on New Caledonia were clearly related, Lyndley Craven and J.W. Dawson transferred the callistemons on that island to Melaleuca, even though some (e.g. Melaleuca pancheri) do not have stamens fused in 5 groups.[13]

On the basis of DNA evidence,[14] in 2006[15] and 2009[16] Craven moved all but four callistemons to melaleuca. Those four were Callistemon forresterae, Callistemon genofluvialis, Callistemon kenmorrisonii and Callistemon nyallingensis which were regarded as being hybrids.[13]

The new description of Melaleuca has been accepted by some herbaria but not all. For example, the Queensland Herbarium accepts Melaleuca flammea (synonym Callistemon acuminatus)[17] but the New South Wales Herbarium accepts Callistemon acuminatus.[18] In 2012, Frank Udovicic and Roger Spencer transferred the newly described species of melaleuca with separate stamens (e.g. Melaleuca megalongensis and Melaleuca wimmerensis) to Callistemon (hence Callistemon megalongensis and Callistemon wimmerensis). Their argument is that using the DNA evidence is premature.[19] They further argue that if all the genera Beaufortia, Callistemon, Calothamnus, Conothamnus, Eremaea, Melaleuca, Phymatocarpus were combined (as Craven has suggested),[20] then there would be no characteristics that would define the group.[21]

Use in horticulture

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Many commercial nurseries continue to use the name ‘’Callistemon’’. These species can be propagated either by cuttings (some species more easily than others), or from the seeds.[22] Flowering is normally in spring and early summer (October–December), but conditions may cause flowering at other times of the year. The obvious parts of the flower masses are stamens, with the pollen at the tip of the filament; the petals are inconspicuous (see picture). Flower heads vary in colour with species; most are red, but some are yellow, green, orange, pink or white. Each flower head produces a profusion of triple-celled seed capsules around a stem (see picture) which remain on the plant with the seeds enclosed until stimulated to open when the plant dies or fire causes the release of the seeds. A few species release the seeds annually.[23][24]

Bottlebrush plants can be grown in pots.[25]

They have been grown in Europe since a specimen of Callistemon citrinus was introduced to Kew Gardens in London by Joseph Banks in 1789.[26]

Selected species

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There are about 50 species of callistemon.[24] They include:[6]

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  • Callistemon "Little John" or dwarf bottlebrush - a Callistemon cultivar
    Callistemon "Little John" or dwarf bottlebrush - a Callistemon cultivar
  • Foreground: Bottlebrush buds. Background: Partial blooming bottlebrush flower.
    Foreground: Bottlebrush buds. Background: Partial blooming bottlebrush flower.
  • Blooming bottlebrush found in Kelantan, Malaysia.
    Blooming bottlebrush found in Kelantan, Malaysia.
  • Bottlebrush flower partial blooming found in Kelantan, Malaysia.
    Bottlebrush flower partial blooming found in Kelantan, Malaysia.
  • Tree in bloom in Florida.
    Tree in bloom in Florida.
  • Illustration showing bottle brushes, the eponym of the plant
    Illustration showing bottle brushes, the eponym of the plant
  • Callistemon Bottlebrush
    Callistemon Bottlebrush

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Genus: Callistemon R. Br". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ Brown, Robert. 1814. Voyage to Terra Australis 2(App. 3): 547
  4. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ^ Scott, Ian (23 September 2017). "Bottlebrush Tree Spiritual Meaning". Thrive On News Spiritual Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b c "Callistemon R.Br.'". APNI. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  7. ^ Brown, Robert (1841) General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis. Appendix III (pp. 537-612) in Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis, Volume II; London: G. and W. Nicol, 1841. Also pp. 1–89 in Bennett, John Joseph (ed.) The Botanical works of Robert Brown; London: Robert Hardwick for The Ray Society, 1866. Callistemon is defined on p. 547 of Flinders [1] [2] and p. 19 of Bennett [3].
  8. ^ "Melaleuca R.Br.'". APNI. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  9. ^ Bentham, George; von Mueller, Ferdinand (1866). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 3. London: Lovell, Reeve and Co. pp. 123–163. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  10. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1864). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 4. Melbourne. p. 55. Retrieved 22 July 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Bentham, George; von Mueller, Ferdinand (1866). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 3. London: Lovell, Reeve and Co. p. 55. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  12. ^ Baillon, Henri Ernest (1876). Histoires des Plantes. Vol. 6. Paris: Libraire Hachette & Co. pp. 359–360. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  13. ^ a b Brophy, Joseph J.; Craven, Lyndley A.; Doran, John C. (2013). Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses (PDF). Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. p. 18. ISBN 9781922137517. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  14. ^ Robert D. Edwards; Lyn A. Craven; Michael D. Crisp; Lyn G. Cook (June 2010). "Melaleuca revisited: cpDNA and morphological data confirm that Melaleuca L. (Myrtaceae) is not monophyletic". Taxon. 59 (3): 744–754. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 25677666. Wikidata Q42308207.
  15. ^ Craven, Lyn A. (2006). "New combinations in Melaleuca for Australian species of Callistemon (Myrtaceae)". Novon. 16 (4): 468–478. doi:10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[468:ncimfa]2.0.co;2. S2CID 84723155. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  16. ^ Craven, Lyn A. (10 December 2009). "Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) from Australia". Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. 19 (4): 444–453. doi:10.3417/2007137. S2CID 84165613. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  17. ^ "Species profile—Melaleuca flammea". Queensland Government. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  18. ^ Spencer, Roger David; Lumley, Peter F. "Callistemon acuminatus Cheel". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: Plantnet. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  19. ^ Brown, Gillian K.; Udovicic, Frank; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon and related genera (Myrtaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (4): 565–585. doi:10.1071/SB00029.
  20. ^ Craven, Lyn A.; Edwards, Robert D.; Cowley, Kirsten J. (30 June 2014). "New combinations and names in Melaleuca (Myrtaceae)". Taxon. 63 (3): 663–670. doi:10.12705/633.38.
  21. ^ Udovicic, Frank; Spencer, Roger D. (2012). "New combinations in Callistemon (Myrtaceae)". Muelleria. 30 (1): 23–25. doi:10.5962/p.292240. S2CID 251007557. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  22. ^ Williams, Bryon. "Growing Callistemon from Seed". Australian Native Plants Society Australia. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  23. ^ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (1983). Australian native plants : a manual for their propagation, cultivation and use in landscaping (2nd ed.). Sydney: Collins. pp. 191–194. ISBN 978-0002165754.
  24. ^ a b Harvey, Rod. "Bottlebrush - Genus Callistemon". Australian National Botanic Garden. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  25. ^ Williams, Bryon. "Growing Callistemons in large pots". Australian Native Plants Society Australia. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  26. ^ Curtis, William (1794). The Botanical Magazine (Volume 8) (1 ed.). London. p. 260. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
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