Fila Brasileiro
| Fila Brasileiro | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Origin | Brazil | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Dog (domestic dog) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Fila Brasileiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈfilɐ bɾaziˈlejɾu]) is a Brazilian breed of large working dog of mastiff type.[1]
It is used as a guard dog, for cattle herding and for big-game hunting; it may also be kept as a companion dog or pet.[1] In the eighteenth century, when slavery was still legal in Brazil, the Fila Brasileiro was used to return escaped slaves to their owners.[2]
Etymology
[edit]The verb "filar" in Portuguese literally means "to hold, arrest, grab".[3] So "cão de fila" (fila dog) or "cão de filar" suggests that it is a catch dog, a dog that "bites and does not loosen its grip". A similar name is also found in two Portuguese dog breeds: the Cão de Fila de São Miguel and the extinct Cão de Fila da Terceira.
History
[edit]
The Fila Brasileiro is thought to descend from European dogs brought to Brazil during the Colonial period, with little or no influence from indigenous South American dogs from the Pre-Cabraline era.[4]
The Fila Brasileiro were bred and raised primarily on large plantations and cattle farms where they originated. In addition to cattle, jaguars, and other animals, these dogs were taught to chase down fugitive slaves.[5]
The first written standard of the breed was edited in 1946. The Paulistas were responsible for organizing a planned breeding program and opening a stud book to register dogs. Dr. Paulo Santos Cruz began to systematically breed the Fila Brasileiro and also contributed to setting the CAFIB standard.[6]
Appearance
[edit]
In Brazil the breed has two main standards imposed by two distinct clubs, the Confederação Brasileira de Cinofilia, affiliated to FCI, and the Clube de Aprimoramento do Fila Brasileiro.[7][6][1] The CAFIB standard was constructed based on the ancient phenotype of the breed.[6] But the current CBKC/FCI standard is the best known internationally.[1]
The Fila Brasileiro is a breed of mastiff with large bones and loose skin. According to the international breed standard, dogs should stand between 65 and 75 cm (26 and 30 in) at the withers and weigh no less than 50 kg (110 lb);[1] bitches are slightly smaller, standing some 60–70 cm (24–28 in) and weighing at least 40 kg (88 lb).[1] They have a rectangular build and though they are massive, their natural agility is apparent. The head is big and heavy with a deep muzzle. The ears are large, thick, tapered and either droop or fold back exposing the interior, depending on the dog's mood. The neck and back are well muscled and the chest is broad and deep. Unlike the vast majority of canines, the croup is higher than the withers. The legs are heavily boned. The skin is very distinctive of the breed, as it is thick and loose all over the body, mainly in the region around the neck. The thick skin forms pronounced dewlaps. In many individuals, the dewlaps proceed to the chest and abdomen. Some dogs show a fold at the side of the head and also at the withers descending to the shoulders. The coat is short and dense and the texture is normally smooth and soft. Their colours vary from solid, brindle, mouse-grey, patched, dappled, or black and tan. They are almost never white. Typical colours are fawn, black and brindle. Brindles of a basic color may have the stripes of either less or with very strong intensity. Sometimes a black mask is present.[1]
The coat of the Fila Brasileiro is smooth and short. Black, fawns (red, apricot, or dark), and brindled (fawn, black, or brown brindle) colors are permitted, except mouse-grey, black and tan, blue, dappled and solid white. White markings, not exceeding 1/4 of the coat surface area, are permitted on the feet, the chest and the tip of the tail in the FCI standard.
The CAFIB standard does not accept black, mouse-grey, black and tan, blue, or dappled coats, as it considers them as a sign of crossbreeding; on the other hand, it accepts dogs with large white markings on any part of the body.[7]
Standards
[edit]In Brazil, the Fila Brasileiro can be bred within three different standards proposed by three separate clubs.[7][1][8] The standard imposed by the CBKC (a club affiliated to the FCI) is the most popular in the world, but it is by far the most distant from the appearance of the old dogs of four decades ago.[1]
The other two standards are from CAFIB (Fila Brasileiro's Enhancement Club) and AMFIBRA (World Association of Dog Breeders of Fila Brasileiro), respectively.[7][9] Both are based on the first breed standard elaborated by Paulo Santos Cruz, the man who is considered the "father of the breed".[8] However, the CAFIB standard is the most popular of the two. But both clubs (CAFIB and AMFIBRA) present themselves with the aim to preserve the pure Fila with the closest appearance of the old dogs.[7][6][9]
This big difference between the three standards is mainly due to an accusation of a scandal of crossbreeding at the dogs registered by the CBKC in the 70's, 80's and 90's and, consequently, the many changes made in the CBKC standard probable to include dogs with characteristics of foreign breeds, such as the English Mastiff, Great Dane and Neapolitan Mastiff.[6][1][7]
Paulo Santos Cruz himself, who even participated in the formation of the CAFIB for these same reasons and even presided over the club, published an article in 1979 explaining how to differentiate a pure Fila from a mixed one.[10][6]
Legal status
[edit]
In Fiji,[11] the United Kingdom,[12] Norway,[13] Australia, Hong Kong[14] and Cyprus,[15] it is illegal to own any of these dogs without specific exemption from a court. In Turkey, it is illegal to own and breed a Fila Brasileiro.[16] It is automatically classified as a dangerous dog in Trinidad and Tobago,[17] meaning they cannot be imported and males must be neutered.
References
[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o FCI-Standard N° 225: Fila Brasileiro. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2022.
- ^ do Valle, Procópio; Monte, Enio (1981). O Grande Livro do Fila Brasileiro: quatro séculos da história do Brasil (in Portuguese). Livraria Nobel. ISBN 852130059X.
- ^ "Filar". Dicio.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 September 2018.
- ^ Van Asch, Barbara; Zhang, Ai-Bing; Oskarsson, Mattias C. R.; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Amorim, António; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Pre-Columbian origins of Native American dog breeds, with only limited replacement by European dogs, confirmed by mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1766). doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1142. PMC 3730590. PMID 23843389.
- ^ do Valle, Procópio; Monte, Enio (1981). O Grande Livro do Fila Brasileiro: quatro séculos da história do Brasil (in Portuguese). Livraria Nobel. ISBN 852130059X.
- ^ a b c d e f Chico Peltier (18 March 2016). Resumo sobre a História do Fila Brasileiro (in Portuguese). Clube de Aprimoramento do Fila Brasileiro. Archived 1 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Padrão da Raça Fila Brasileiro (in Portuguese). Clube de Aprimoramento do Fila Brasileiro. Archived 1 May 2022.
- ^ a b "AMFIBRA Breed standard" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ a b "AMFIBRA" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ "Paulo Santos Cruz Article". Fila Goiano Kennel (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ "Fiji Pet Passport Regulations". Pettravel.com. Pet Travel, Inc. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ "Controlling your dog in public". GOV.UK. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ "Forskrift om hunder". Lovdata. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ^ "Hong Kong e-Legislation". www.elegislation.gov.hk. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Essential Animal Contacts". Cyprus.angloinfo.com. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
- ^ "Tehlike Arz Eden Hayvanlara İlişkin Genelge" [Directive on Dangerous Animals] (in Turkish). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^ "The Dangerous Dogs Act, 2000" (PDF). Ttparliament.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
