Apium graveolens
| Apium graveolens | |
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| Growing wild on the tidal banks of the Tyne in Northumberland | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Apium |
| Species: | A. graveolens
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| Binomial name | |
| Apium graveolens L.[1]
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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Apium graveolens, known in English as wild celery,[2][3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. It has a broad native distribution from Macaronesia and Ireland in the west, through Europe north to Scotland, Denmark and Poland, and east as far as the western Himalayas; and also through North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The species was later used as a vegetable, particularly in Italy; modern cultivars have been selected for their leaf stalks (celery), a large bulb-like hypocotyl (celeriac), or their leaves (leaf celery).
Description
[edit]Apium graveolens is a stout biennial or monocarpic perennial herb, producing flowers and seeds only once, during its second or a later year.[2] It grows up to 1 m (3 ft) tall, with all parts of the plant having a strong celery odour. The stems are solid with conspicuous grooves on the surface (sulcate). The leaves are bright green to yellowish-green, 1- to 2-pinnate with leaflets that are variously shaped, often rhomboid, up to 6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) long and 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) broad. The flowers are produced in umbels, mostly with short peduncles, with four to twelve rays. The individual flowers are creamy-white to greenish-white, 2–3 mm (3⁄32–1⁄8 in) across. The fruit is a schizocarp, broadly ovoid to globose, 1–1.5 mm (3⁄64–1⁄16 in) long and wide.[3][4]
Taxonomy
[edit]The species Apium graveolens was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[5] A large number of varieties have been described, none of which are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of May 2024[update].[1] It has been selected as the type species of the genus Apium, and through that, of the family Apiaceae and the order Apiales.[6]
The cultivar groups have often been given botanical variety names, but more accurately cultivar group names under the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Thus cultivated celery was often called Apium graveolens var. dulce,[7] but as cultivated plants, Apium graveolens Dulce Group.[8]
Other vernacular names have been used, including "smallage" [mainly archaic – "now rare" (OED), but still in occasional use, primarily outside of the species' native range].[9][10]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Wild celery is native from Macaronesia and Ireland in the west, through Europe north to Scotland, Denmark and Poland, and east to the Caucasus and Central Asia, and as far as the western Himalayas, and also through North Africa to West Asia and the Arabian Peninsula.[1] It is a plant of damp places, usually near the coast where the soil is salty, typically on the brackish reaches of tidal rivers, ditch and dyke margins, saltmarshes, and sea walls.[2][3][4][11][12] North of the Alps, wild celery is found only in the foothill zone on soils with some salt content.[13]
It is widely naturalised outside this range, including in Scandinavia, North and South America, Africa, India, central, eastern and southern Asia, and New Zealand.[1] The cultivar groups may also be naturalised.[11]
Uses and cultivation
[edit]Wild celery was used for its medical properties and as a condiment by the Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, and also in China. The species was later developed as a vegetable, particularly in Italy from the 16th century. Modern cultivars have been selected for different uses, falling into three groups according to the part that is mainly eaten:[14]
- Celery (Apium graveolens Dulce Group; syn. Apium graveolens var. dulce),[8] is used for its leaf stalks, which may be eaten raw or cooked.[7]
- Celeriac (Apium graveolens Rapaceum Group; syn. Apium graveolens var. rapaceum),[15] is used for its swollen bulb-like hypocotyl.[16]
- Leaf celery or smallage[17] (Apium graveolens Secalinum Group; syn. Apium graveolens var. secalinum),[18] has larger leaves; both the leaves and stems are eaten.[19]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "Apium graveolens L.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2024-05-28
- ^ a b c P. A. Stroh; T. A. Humphrey; R. J. Burkmar; O. L. Pescott; D. B. Roy; K. J. Walker, eds. (2020). "Wild Celery Apium graveolens L." BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
- ^ a b c Streeter D, Hart-Davies C, Hardcastle A, Cole F, Harper L. 2009. Collins Flower Guide. Harper Collins ISBN 9-78-000718389-0
- ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
- ^ "Apium graveolens L.", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2024-05-28
- ^ Hitchcock, A. S.; Green, M. L. (1929). "IV.-Proposal by A.S. Hitchcock (Washington) and M.L. Green (Kew).". International Botanical Congress, Cambridge (England) 1930. London: Printed under the authority of His Majesty's Stationery Office, by Wyman & sons, Ltd., Fetter Lane, London. p. 142.
- ^ a b "Apium graveolens var. dulce", RHS Plants, The Royal Horticultural Society, retrieved 2024-05-28
- ^ a b "Apium graveolens Dulce Group", NCBI Taxonomy Browser, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved 2024-05-28
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1884. p. Si-St 257.
- ^ "Definition of 'smallage'". Collins Dictionary.
- ^ a b Tutin, T.G. (1968), "59. Apium L.", in Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea, Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae, Cambridge University Press, p. 367, ISBN 978-0-521-06662-4
- ^ Erich, Oberdorfer (2001), Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete, E. Ulmer, p. 708, ISBN 978-3800131310, OCLC 875386204
- ^ Fischer, Manfred A.; Günter, Gottschlich (2008), Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol : Bestimmungsbuch für alle in der Republik Österreich, im Fürstentum Liechtenstein und in der Autonomen Provinz Bozen / Südtirol (Italien) wildwachsenden sowie die wichtigsten kultivierten Gefässpflanzen (Farnpflanzen und Samenpflanzen) mit Angaben über ihre Ökologie und Verbreitung (in German), Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, p. 849, ISBN 9783854741879, OCLC 886822563
- ^ de Vilmorin, Roger L. (1950), "Pascal celery and its origin", Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, 51 (602): 39–41
- ^ "Apium graveolens Rapaceum Group", NCBI Taxonomy Browser, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved 2024-05-28
- ^ "Apium graveolens var. rapaceum", RHS Plants, The Royal Horticultural Society, retrieved 2024-05-28
- ^ "Apium graveolens", North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, NC State University and N.C. A&T State University, retrieved 2024-05-30
- ^ "Apium graveolens Secalinum Group", NCBI Taxonomy Browser, National Center for Biotechnology Information, retrieved 2024-05-28
- ^ "Apium graveolens Secalinum Group", RHS Plants, The Royal Horticultural Society, retrieved 2024-05-28