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Jonathan Demme

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Jonathan Demme
Demme in 2015
Born
Robert Jonathan Demme

(1944-02-22)February 22, 1944
Baldwin, New York, U.S.
DiedApril 26, 2017(2017-04-26) (aged 73)
New York City, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Florida
Occupations
  • Director
  • producer
  • screenwriter
WorksFull list
Spouses
Evelyn Purcell
​
​
(m. 1970; div. 1980)​
Joanne Howard
​
(m. 1987)​
Children3
Relatives

Robert Jonathan Demme (/ˈdɛmi/ DEM-ee;[1] February 22, 1944 – April 26, 2017) was an American filmmaker, whose career directing, producing, and screenwriting spanned more than 30 years and 70 feature films, documentaries, and television productions. He was an Academy Award and a Directors Guild of America Award winner, and received nominations for a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and three Independent Spirit Awards.

Beginning his career under B-movie producer Roger Corman, Demme made his directorial debut with the 1974 women-in-prison film Caged Heat, before becoming known for his casually humanist films[2] such as Melvin and Howard (1980), Swing Shift (1984), Something Wild (1986), and Married to the Mob (1988). His 1991 psychological horror film The Silence of the Lambs, based on the novel of the same title, won five Academy Awards, including Best Director and Best Picture.

His subsequent films earned similar acclaim, notably the HIV/AIDS-themed drama Philadelphia (1993), the supernatural Southern Gothic Beloved (1998), the conspiracy thriller The Manchurian Candidate (2004), and the independent drama Rachel Getting Married (2008). Demme also directed numerous concert films such as Stop Making Sense (1984), Neil Young: Heart of Gold (2006), and Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids (2016), and worked on several television series as both a producer and director.

Early life

[edit]

Demme was born on February 22, 1944, in Baldwin, New York, the son of Dorothy Louise (née Rogers)[3] and Robert Eugene Demme, a public relations executive.[4][5] He was raised in Rockville Centre, New York and Miami,[1] where he graduated from Southwest Miami High School[6] before attending the University of Florida.[7]

Career

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Early films

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Demme broke into feature film working for exploitation film producer Roger Corman early in his career, co-writing and producing Angels Hard as They Come (1971), a motorcycle movie very loosely based on Rashomon,[8] and The Hot Box (1972). He then moved on to directing three films for Corman's studio New World Pictures: Caged Heat (1974), Crazy Mama (1975), and Fighting Mad (1976). After Fighting Mad, Demme directed the comedy film Handle with Care (originally titled Citizens Band, 1977) for Paramount Pictures. The film was well received by critics,[9] but received little promotion,[10] and performed poorly at the box office.[11] He also directed a 1978 episode of Columbo.[12]

Demme's next film, Melvin and Howard (1980), did not get a wide release, but received a groundswell of critical acclaim and film award recognition, including Academy Award nominations, winning two of its three nominations (Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Mary Steenburgen, and Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay – Bo Goldman). This acclaim led to the signing of Demme to direct the Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell star vehicle Swing Shift (1984). Intended as a prestige picture for Warner Bros.[13] as well as a major commercial vehicle for Demme,[14] it instead became a troubled production due to the conflicting visions of Demme and star Hawn. Demme ended up renouncing the finished product, and when the film was released in May 1984, it was generally panned by critics and neglected by moviegoers.[13] After Swing Shift, Demme stepped back from Hollywood to make the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense (also 1984) which won the National Society of Film Critics Award for best documentary;[15] the eclectic screwball action-romantic comedy Something Wild (1986); a film-version of the stage production Swimming to Cambodia (1987), by monologist Spalding Gray; and the New York Mafia-by-way-of Downtown comedy Married to the Mob (1988).[a]

Demme formed his production company, Clinica Estetico, with producers Edward Saxon and Peter Saraf in 1987.[16][17] They were based out of New York City for fifteen years.[18][19]

Further information on the 1981 film presentation: Made in Texas

Later films

[edit]

Demme won the Academy Award for The Silence of the Lambs (1991)—one of only three films to win all the major categories (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor, and Best Actress).[20] Inspired by his friend Juan Suárez Botas's illness with AIDS[21] and fueled by his own moral convictions,[8] Demme then used his influence to make Philadelphia (1993),[22] one of the first major films to address the AIDS crisis[22] and which garnered star Tom Hanks his first Best Actor Oscar.[22] He also co-directed (with his nephew Ted) the music video for Bruce Springsteen's Best Song Oscar-winning "Streets of Philadelphia" from the film's soundtrack.[23] Jonathan used several of the same actors for both movies.

Subsequently, his films included an adaptation of Toni Morrison's Beloved (1998), and remakes of two films from the 1960s: The Truth About Charlie (2002), based on Charade, that starred Mark Wahlberg in the Cary Grant role; and The Manchurian Candidate (2004), with Denzel Washington and Meryl Streep. Demme's documentary film Man from Plains (2007), a documentary about former U.S. President Jimmy Carter's promotional tour publicizing his book Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid, had its premiere at the Venice Film Festival and Toronto International Film Festival.

His art-house hit Rachel Getting Married (2008) was compared by many critics to Demme's films of the late 1970s and 1980s.[24][25][26] It was included in many 2008 "best of" lists, and received numerous awards and nominations, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress by lead Anne Hathaway. In 2010, Demme made his first foray into theater, directing Family Week, a play by Beth Henley. The play was produced by MCC Theater and co-starred Rosemarie DeWitt and Kathleen Chalfant.[27]

At one time, Demme was signed on to direct, produce, and write an adaptation of Stephen King's sci-fi novel 11/22/63, but later left the project due to disagreements with King on what should be included in the script.[28]

He returned to the concert documentary format with Justin Timberlake + the Tennessee Kids (2016), which he described as a "performance film, but also a portrait of an artist at a certain moment in the arc of his career",[21] and his last project was a history of rock & roll for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame compiled from footage from Hall of Fame induction ceremonies set to debut in summer 2017.[21]

Demme directed music videos for artists such as Suburban Lawns, New Order, KRS-One's H.E.A.L. project and Bruce Springsteen. He also produced a compilation of Haitian music called Konbit: Burning Rhythms of Haiti that was released in 1989. (Lou Reed selected Konbit... as one of his 'picks of 1989').[29]

Demme was on the board of directors at Jacob Burns Film Center in Pleasantville, New York. In addition to his role on the board, he curated and hosted a monthly series called Rarely Seen Cinema.[30]

Style

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Throughout 1986–2004, Demme was known for his dramatic close-ups in films. This style of close-ups involves the character looking directly into the camera during crucial moments. According to Demme, this was done to put the viewer into the character's shoes. Beginning with Rachel Getting Married (2008), Demme adopted a documentary style of filmmaking.[31][32]

He was known for his use of recurring supporting players, including Charles Napier, Harry Northup, Tracey Walter, Ann Dowd, LisaGay Hamilton, Kimberly Elise, Paul Lazar, Ron Vawter, Dean Stockwell, Obba Babatundé, Ted Levine, Paul Le Mat, Mary Steenburgen, Jason Robards, Scott Glenn, and his former producer Roger Corman, as well as casting musicians and bands in roles. These included Sister Carol, Chris Isaak, Tunde Adebimpe, the Feelies, Charles Aznavour, Steve Scales, the Flirtations, Manno Charlemagne, Bernie Worrell, David Johansen, Beau Sia, Q Lazzarus, and Rick Springfield. In addition to Corman, Demme cast a number of other fellow directors in cameos, including John Sayles, Agnès Varda, George Romero, Sidney Lumet, and John Waters. Many of these performers received opening credits billing in films they appeared in, despite sometimes having only one or two lines.

Writer/director Paul Thomas Anderson has paid homage to Demme in his films and has cited him as a major influence in his work. In an interview, Anderson jokingly stated that the three filmmakers who inspired him the most are "Jonathan Demme, Jonathan Demme and Jonathan Demme."[33][34] Other directors such as Alexander Payne and Wes Anderson have been known to be inspired by his close-ups in their own work.[35][36]

Political activism

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Demme was involved in various political projects. In 1981, he directed a series of commercials for the liberal advocacy group People for the American Way. The spots, titled "Eggs",[37] "Music",[38][39] and "Sports",[40] were produced by Norman Lear and featured Muhammad Ali, Carol Burnett, and Goldie Hawn celebrating Freedom of Expression.[41] In 1985, he directed a video for Artists United Against Apartheid. The short, featured various international musicians including Afrika Bambaataa, Rubén Blades, Jimmy Cliff, Herbie Hancock, Little Steven, Run–D.M.C., and Bruce Springsteen, calling for a boycott of the South African luxury resort Sun City during Apartheid. His documentary Haiti Dreams of Democracy (1988) captured Haiti's era of democratic rebuilding after dictatorship, while his documentary The Agronomist (2008) profiled Haitian journalist and human rights activist Jean Dominique. Demme spent six years on the documentary I'm Carolyn Parker (2011), which highlighted rebuilding efforts in New Orleans Lower Ninth Ward after Hurricane Katrina.

Personal life

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Demme was married twice. His first marriage to Evelyn Purcell ended in divorce.[42] In 1987, he married artist Joanne Howard, with whom he had three children.[1] He was the uncle of film director Ted Demme, who died in 2002.[43] Demme's cousin was the Rev. Robert Wilkinson Castle Jr., an Episcopal priest who appeared in some of Demme's films.

Demme was a member of the steering committee of the Friends of the Apollo Theater, Oberlin, Ohio, along with Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman.[44] In 2013, he returned to Oberlin as part of an alumni reunion during the class of 2013 graduation ceremony and received the award for Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts.[45]

In 2009, Demme signed a petition in support of director Roman Polanski, who had been detained while traveling to a film festival in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges, which the petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open the door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects."[46][47]

Demme was an avid collector and devotee of Haitian art, in particular of Hector Hyppolite - so much so that he called it "an addiction". In 2014, he held an auction in Philadelphia selling thousands from his collection, much of which was donated to a cultural center in Port-au-Prince.[48]

Death

[edit]

Demme died at his home in Manhattan on April 26, 2017, from complications from esophageal cancer and heart disease; he was 73.[49][1]

"I am heart-broken to lose a friend, a mentor, a guy so singular and dynamic you'd have to design a hurricane to contain him. Jonathan was as quirky as his comedies and as deep as his dramas. He was pure energy, the unstoppable cheerleader for anyone creative. Just as passionate about music as he was about art, he was and will always be a champion of the soul. JD, most beloved, something wild, brother of love, director of the lambs. Love that guy. Love him so much."

— Jodie Foster's statement following Demme's death.[50]

Director Brady Corbet dedicated his 2018 film Vox Lux to Demme's memory,[51] as did Luca Guadagnino with his 2018 film Suspiria and Paul Thomas Anderson with his 2017 film Phantom Thread starring Daniel Day Lewis. Demme is thanked in the credits of Spike Lee's 2020 concert film American Utopia starring David Byrne. The album A Beginner's Mind by musicians Sufjan Stevens and Angelo De Augustine is dedicated to Demme, with one of its songs, "Cimmerian Shade", mentioning him and referencing The Silence of the Lambs within its lyrics.

Filmography

[edit]
Main article: Jonathan Demme filmography
See also: Jonathan Demme's unrealized projects
Directed features
Year Title Distribution
1974 Caged Heat New World Pictures
1975 Crazy Mama
1976 Fighting Mad 20th Century Fox
1977 Handle with Care Paramount Pictures
1979 Last Embrace United Artists
1980 Melvin and Howard Universal Pictures
1984 Swing Shift Warner Bros.
1984 Stop Making Sense Cinecom Pictures
Island Alive Releasing
1986 Something Wild Orion Pictures
1987 Swimming to Cambodia Cinecom Pictures
1988 Married to the Mob Orion Pictures
1991 The Silence of the Lambs
1993 Philadelphia TriStar Pictures
1998 Beloved Buena Vista Pictures
1998 Storefront Hitchcock Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
United International Pictures
2002 The Truth About Charlie Universal Pictures
2004 The Manchurian Candidate Paramount Pictures
2008 Rachel Getting Married Sony Pictures Classics
2013 A Master Builder Abramorama
2015 Ricki and the Flash Sony Pictures Releasing

Awards and nominations

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Year Award Category Work Result
1992 Academy Award Best Director The Silence of the Lambs Won [52]
1992 BAFTA Award Best Film Nominated [53]
Best Film Direction Nominated
1992 Golden Globe Award Best Director – Motion Picture Nominated [54]
1987 Grammy Award Best Long Form Music Video Sun City: Artists United Against Apartheid Nominated
1988 Independent Spirit Award Best Directing of a Feature Film Swimming to Cambodia Nominated
2009 Best Feature Film Rachel Getting Married Nominated
Best Directing of a Feature Film Nominated
1992 Directors Guild Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement – Feature Film The Silence of the Lambs Won [55]
1991 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Award Best Director Won
1980 New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Directing Melvin and Howard Won
1991 The Silence of the Lambs Won
1991 Berlin Film Festival Silver Bear Award for Best Director Won [56]
Golden Bear Award for Best Film Nominated [57]
1994 Philadelphia Nominated [58]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Weber, Bruce (April 26, 2017). "Jonathan Demme, Oscar-Winning Director, Is Dead at 73". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  2. ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller (April 26, 2017). "A musical soul: Jonathan Demme, 1944-2017". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020. Demme's laid back brand of optimistic humanism wasn't always a great fit for Hollywood projects, though he applied his talents to them so conscientiously and inventively that he briefly became an A-list director anyhow.
  3. ^ "Dorothy Demme; Character Actress in Son's Movies". LA Times. December 9, 1995. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  4. ^ "Bonnie-B-Allen - User Trees - Genealogy.com". Familytreemaker.genealogy.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  5. ^ "Jonathan Demme Biography (1944–)". Film Reference. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
  6. ^ "14902: The silenced voice of Radio Haiti speaks again on film (fwd)". Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  7. ^ Gilbey, Ryan (April 26, 2017). "Jonathan Demme obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  8. ^ a b DeCurtis, Anthony (March 24, 1994). "The Rolling Stone Interview: Jonathan Demme on Philadelphia, Tom Hanks, homophobia". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017. Philadelphia was fueled by three of the director's staunchest convictions: that helping out people who are having a hard time is less a duty than a pleasure; that bigotry is more the result of ignorance than evil; and that for all the country's political outrages, goodness is deep in the American grain.
  9. ^ Sragow, Michael (1984), "Jonathan Demme on the Line", American Film, no. January/February, archived from the original on July 7, 2004, retrieved March 18, 2009, Although his best two movies to date, Citizens Band (AKA Handle With Care, 1977) and Melvin and Howard (1980), were hailed for bringing the heartiness and sensitivity of a homegrown Jean Renoir into latter-day American film comedy, they failed to score at the box office.
  10. ^ Kaplan, James (March 27, 1988), "Jonathan Demme's Offbeat America", The New York Times, p. 6.48, archived from the original on November 10, 2012, retrieved March 18, 2009, Paramount figured it might just have a sleeper hit in the small movie, but it took a wait-and-see attitude, spending little on advertising and promotion, and hoping the movie would hook onto the C.B. craze and catch.
  11. ^ Williams, Phillip (October 11, 2002), "The Truth About Jonathan Demme", MovieMaker, archived from the original on March 1, 2009, retrieved March 18, 2009, We had a great time doing it and we were invited to the New York Film Festival, despite the fact that the film tanked horrendously—and famously—at the box office.
  12. ^ Piepenbring, Dan (May 2017). "Watch Jonathan Demme's Pitch Black Eighties Sitcom Episode". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Vineberg, Steve, "Swing Shift: A Tale of Hollywood", Sight & Sound, British Film Institute, archived from the original on May 18, 2003, retrieved March 19, 2009
  14. ^ Uhlich, Keith (August 2004), "Jonathan Demme", Sense of Cinema, ISSN 1443-4059, archived from the original on December 25, 2010, retrieved March 19, 2009
  15. ^ Benson, Sheila (January 4, 1985). "1984 Film Critics Awards: 'Everybody' Proves A Winner". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  16. ^ "Clinica Estetico". bfi.org.uk. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  17. ^ "Production". Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  18. ^ "Clinica Estetico, Ltd". worldcat.org/. 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  19. ^ Fleming, Michael (July 25, 2000). "Demme, Saxon to say adios". variety.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  20. ^ Pristin, Terry (March 31, 1992). "'Silence of the Lambs' Sweeps 5 Major Oscars". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  21. ^ a b c Fear, David; Reed, Ryan (April 26, 2017). "Jonathan Demme, Silence of the Lambs and Philadelphia director, dead at 73". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  22. ^ a b c Lang, Brent; Dagan, Carmel (April 26, 2017). "Jonathan Demme, Silence of the Lambs director, dies at 73". Variety. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  23. ^ Grierson, Tim (April 26, 2017). "Why Jonathan Demme was one of the greatest concert movie directors ever". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  24. ^ Burr, Ty (October 12, 2008), "He's back", The Boston Globe, archived from the original on April 25, 2009, retrieved March 19, 2009, Warm rather than cold, forgiving rather than damning, Rachel is a throwback to the fluky, generous vibe that sustained the director's films in the late 1970s and 1980s – Handle With Care (1977), Melvin and Howard (1980), Stop Making Sense (1984), Something Wild (1986) and Married to the Mob (1988).
  25. ^ Olsen, Mark (September 28, 2008), "Jonathan Demme's Rachel Getting Married", Los Angeles Times, archived from the original on January 2, 2009, retrieved March 19, 2009, With Rachel Getting Married, Demme, 64, has returned to the playful, deeply humanist storytelling of such early work as 1980's Melvin and Howard and 1986's Something Wild, both of which are widely acknowledged as having influenced a younger generation of filmmakers.
  26. ^ Schickel, Richard (October 2, 2008), "Rachel Getting Married, Demme Getting Messy", Time, archived from the original on October 4, 2008, retrieved March 19, 2009, Back in the '70s and '80s he was the best – or at any rate the most promising – young American director. ... Demme's new film, Rachel Getting Married, is arguably an attempt on the part of the director to wend his way back to his roots.
  27. ^ Charles Isherwood (May 23, 2010). "Beth Henley Revival Opens at Lucille Lortel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  28. ^ Gallagher, Brian (December 6, 2012). "Stephen King's 11/22/63 loses Jonathan Demme". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  29. ^ Rolling Stone, March 8, 1990
  30. ^ Michelin, Robert. "Demme Digs Up Rarely Seen Movies at Burns Center in Pleasantville". Mount Pleasant Daily Voice. No. January 30, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  31. ^ Weldon, Glen (April 26, 2017). "Jonathan Demme And The Simple Power Of The Close-Up". NPR. npr.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  32. ^ "Does Jonathan Demme's Style of Close-Up Shots Make You Feel Uncomfortable, Too?". nofilmschool.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  33. ^ "Paul Thomas Anderson's Favorite Films". criterion.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  34. ^ Hollwedel, Zach (March 31, 2015). "Watch: 27-Minute Talk Between Paul Thomas Anderson & Jonathan Demme". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  35. ^ "Jonathan Demme Dead At 73". slashfilm.com. April 26, 2017. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  36. ^ Wickman, Forrest (April 14, 2015). "What Wes Anderson and P.T. Anderson Have Taken From Jonathan Demme". Slate. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  37. ^ PFAWdotorg (July 25, 2008). "Goldie Hawn et. al. on Eggs and the American Way". youtube.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  38. ^ PFAWdotorg (July 25, 2008). "Muhammad Ali, Goldie Hawn, etc. on Music and the American Way". youtube.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  39. ^ PFAWdotorg (July 25, 2008). "Carol Burnett, Ned Beatty, etc. on Music and the American Wa". Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017 – via YouTube.
  40. ^ PFAWdotorg (July 25, 2008). "Muhammad Ali et. al. on Sports and the American Way". youtube.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  41. ^ PFAWdotorg (July 25, 2008). "Carol Burnett, Ned Beatty, etc. on Music and the American Wa". youtube.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017 – via YouTube.
  42. ^ Schruers, Fred (May 19, 1988). "Jonathan Demme: Making Movies for Love, Not Money". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  43. ^ Baxter, Brian (January 17, 2002). "Ted Demme obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  44. ^ "Friends of the Apollo". Oberlin College. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  45. ^ "Jonathan Demme Passes Away". Oberlin College and Conservatory. June 6, 2017. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  46. ^ "Le cinéma soutient Roman Polanski / Petition for Roman Polanski - SACD". archive.ph. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  47. ^ Shoard, Catherine; Agencies (September 29, 2009). "Release Polanski, demands petition by film industry luminaries". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  48. ^ Freeman, Nate, ed. (April 26, 2017). "A Look into Jonathan Demme's History of Collecting Outsider Art". Art. News. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  49. ^ Kohn, Eric; Sharf, Zack (April 26, 2017). "Jonathan Demme, Oscar-Winning Director of 'Silence of the Lambs,' Dies At 73". IndieWire. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  50. ^ "Jodie Foster Pays Tribute to Jonathan Demme, 'A Champion of the Soul'". April 26, 2017. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  51. ^ Cea, Max (December 8, 2018). "Vox Lux". Retrieved March 24, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  52. ^ "The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  53. ^ "Film in 1992". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  54. ^ Fox, David (December 28, 1991). "'Bugsy' Hits the Jackpot : Film Leads Golden Globe Field With 8 Nominations". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
  55. ^ "44th Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  56. ^ "Berlinale: 1991 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  57. ^ "41st Berlin International Film Festival 1991 – FilmAffinity". Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  58. ^ "44th Berlin International Film Festival 1994 – FilmAffinity". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
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