United States congressional delegations from Arizona
Since Arizona became a U.S. state in 1912,[1] it has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, beginning with the 63rd United States Congress in 1913.[2] Before becoming a state, the Arizona Territory elected a non-voting delegate at-large to Congress from 1864 to 1912.[2] Each state elects two senators to serve for six years, and varying numbers of members of the House, depending on state population, to two-year terms.[3] Arizona has sent nine members to the House in each delegation since the 2010 United States Census.[4]
A total of 57 people have served Arizona in the House and 14 have served Arizona in the Senate. The first woman to serve Arizona in the House was Isabella Greenway.[5] Seven women have served Arizona in the House, including Kyrsten Sinema and Martha McSally, who also served Arizona in the Senate, the only women to do so.[6]
The current dean, or longest serving member, of the Arizona delegation is Representative Raul Grijalva of the 7th district, who has served in the House since 2003.[7] Carl Hayden was Arizona's longest-serving senator, and his 56 years as a senator is the sixth-longest tenure in American history.[6]
Current delegation
[edit]Arizona
|
Class I senator | Class III senator | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) Kyrsten Sinema (Senior senator) (Phoenix) |
.jpg) Mark Kelly (Junior senator) (Tucson) | |||
| Party | Independent | Democratic | ||
| Incumbent since[10] | January 3, 2019 | December 2, 2020 |
Arizona's current congressional delegation in the 118th Congress consists of its two senators, one Democrat and one independent,[8] and its nine representatives, six Republicans and three Democrats.[11]
The current dean, or longest-serving member, of the Arizona delegation is Democratic Representative Raúl Grijalva of the 7th district, who has served in the House since 2003.[7]
As of 2022, the Cook Partisan Voting Index, a measure of how strongly partisan a state is,[12] ranked Arizona's 1st, 5th, 8th, and 9th districts as leaning Republican, and the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 7th districts as leaning Democratic.[13] As a state, Arizona is ranked as leaning Republican, with a score of R+2.[14]
| District | Member (Residence)[16] |
Party | Incumbent since | CPVI (2022)[13] |
District map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st |  David Schweikert (Fountain Hills) |
Republican | January 3, 2011[17] | R+2 | .svg)
|
| 2nd |  Eli Crane (Oro Valley) |
Republican | January 3, 2023[18] | R+6 | .svg)
|
| 3rd |  Ruben Gallego (Phoenix) |
Democratic | January 6, 2015[19] | D+24 | .svg)
|
| 4th | .jpg) Greg Stanton (Phoenix) |
Democratic | January 3, 2019[20] | D+2 | .svg)
|
| 5th |  Andy Biggs (Gilbert) |
Republican | January 3, 2017[21] | R+11 | .svg)
|
| 6th |  Juan Ciscomani (Tucson) |
Republican | January 3, 2023[22] | R+3 | .svg)
|
| 7th | .jpg) Raúl Grijalva (Tucson) |
Democratic | January 3, 2003[23] | D+15 | .svg)
|
| 8th |  Debbie Lesko (Peoria) |
Republican | May 7, 2018[24] | R+10 | .svg)
|
| 9th |  Paul Gosar (Bullhead City) |
Republican | January 3, 2011[25] | R+16 | .svg)
|
United States Senate
[edit]Since it became a state in 1912,[1] 14 people have served as a U.S. senator from Arizona. Of those, Martha McSally and Kyrsten Sinema have been the only women.[6] Sinema is also the first openly bisexual member of Congress.[26] Both senators Barry Goldwater and John McCain have been nominated as the Republican candidate for president, in 1964 and 2008 respectively.[27][28]
Sometimes considered a swing state,[29] elections in Arizona are considered critical for party control of the Senate.[30] Senators are elected every six years depending on their class, with each senator serving a six-year term, and elections for senators occurring every two years, rotating through each class such that in each election, around one-third of the seats in the Senate are up for election.[31] Arizona's senators are elected in classes I and III.[32] Currently, Arizona is represented in the Senate by Kyrsten Sinema and Mark Kelly.[33]
.jpg)
_(cropped_2).jpg)
Democratic (D) Independent (I) Republican (R)
| Class I senator | Congress | Class III senator | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry F. Ashurst (D) | 62nd (1912–1913) | Marcus A. Smith (D) | ||
| 63rd (1913–1915) | ||||
| 64th (1915–1917) | ||||
| 65th (1917–1919) | ||||
| 66th (1919–1921) | ||||
| 67th (1921–1923) | Ralph H. Cameron (R) | |||
| 68th (1923–1925) | ||||
| 69th (1925–1927) | ||||
| 70th (1927–1929) | Carl Hayden (D) | |||
| 71st (1929–1931) | ||||
| 72nd (1931–1933) | ||||
| 73rd (1933–1935) | ||||
| 74th (1935–1937) | ||||
| 75th (1937–1939) | ||||
| 76th (1939–1941) | ||||
| Ernest McFarland (D) | 77th (1941–1943) | |||
| 78th (1943–1945) | ||||
| 79th (1945–1947) | ||||
| 80th (1947–1949) | ||||
| 81st (1949–1951) | ||||
| 82nd (1951–1953) | ||||
| Barry Goldwater (R) | 83rd (1953–1955) | |||
| 84th (1955–1957) | ||||
| 85th (1957–1959) | ||||
| 86th (1959–1961) | ||||
| 87th (1961–1963) | ||||
| 88th (1963–1965) | ||||
| Paul Fannin (R) | 89th (1965–1967) | |||
| 90th (1967–1969) | ||||
| 91st (1969–1971) | Barry Goldwater (R) | |||
| 92nd (1971–1973) | ||||
| 93rd (1973–1975) | ||||
| 94th (1975–1977) | ||||
| Dennis DeConcini (D) | 95th (1977–1979) | |||
| 96th (1979–1981) | ||||
| 97th (1981–1983) | ||||
| 98th (1983–1985) | ||||
| 99th (1985–1987) | ||||
| 100th (1987–1989) | John McCain (R)[a] | |||
| 101st (1989–1991) | ||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | ||||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||
| Jon Kyl (R) | 104th (1995–1997) | |||
| 105th (1997–1999) | ||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | ||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | ||||
| 108th (2003–2005) | ||||
| 109th (2005–2007) | ||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | ||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | ||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | ||||
| Jeff Flake (R) | 113th (2013–2015) | |||
| 114th (2015–2017) | ||||
| 115th (2017–2019) | ||||
| Jon Kyl (R)[b] | ||||
| Kyrsten Sinema (D) | 116th (2019–2021) | Martha McSally (R) | ||
| Mark Kelly (D) | ||||
| 117th (2021–2023) | ||||
| Kyrsten Sinema (I)[c] | ||||
| 118th (2023–2025) | ||||
United States House of Representatives
[edit]Arizona has had numerous notable representatives in Congress, including Stewart Udall, who resigned to serve as the Secretary of the Interior in the Kennedy administration,[38] his brother, Mo Udall, who came in second in the 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries,[39] and John Jacob Rhodes, who served as House Minority Leader for the Republican Party during the Watergate scandal.[40]
Each district uses a popular vote to elect a member of Arizona's delegation in the House of Representatives.[41] Districts are redrawn every ten years, after data from the US Census is collected.[42] From 1863 to 1912, Arizona sent a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives; when it became a state in 1912, it had one seat in the House.[2] Since then, its representation in the House has grown along with its population. Since 2013, Arizona has had nine congressional districts drawn according to the results of the 2010 United States Census.[43]
.jpg)
_(cropped).jpg)
1863–1912: 1 non-voting delegate
[edit]Starting on December 5, 1864, Arizona Territory sent a non-voting delegate to the House.[2]
Democratic (D) Independent (I) Republican (R) Unionist (U)
| Congress | Delegate from Territory's at-large district |
|---|---|
| 38th (1863–1865) | Charles Debrille Poston (R) |
| 39th (1865–1867) | John N. Goodwin (R) |
| 40th (1867–1869) | Coles Bashford (I) |
| 41st (1869–1871) | Richard C. McCormick (U) |
| 42nd (1871–1873) | |
| 43rd (1873–1875) | |
| 44th (1875–1877) | Hiram Sanford Stevens (D) |
| 45th (1877–1879) | |
| 46th (1879–1881) | John G. Campbell (D) |
| 47th (1881–1883) | G. H. Oury (D) |
| 48th (1883–1885) | |
| 49th (1885–1887) | Curtis Coe Bean (R) |
| 50th (1887–1889) | Marcus A. Smith (D) |
| 51st (1889–1891) | |
| 52nd (1891–1893) | |
| 53rd (1893–1895) | |
| 54th (1895–1897) | Oakes Murphy (R) |
| 55th (1897–1899) | Marcus A. Smith (D) |
| 56th (1899–1901) | John Frank Wilson (D) |
| 57th (1901–1903) | Marcus A. Smith (D) |
| 58th (1903–1905) | John Frank Wilson (D) |
| 59th (1905–1907) | Marcus A. Smith (D) |
| 60th (1907–1909) | |
| 61st (1909–1911) | Ralph H. Cameron (R) |
| 62nd (1911–1912) |
1912–1943: 1 seat
[edit]Following statehood on February 14, 1912,[1] Arizona had one seat in the House.[46]
Democratic (D)
| Congress | At-large district |
|---|---|
| 62nd (1912–1913) | Carl Hayden (D) |
| 63rd (1913–1915) | |
| 64th (1915–1917) | |
| 65th (1917–1919) | |
| 66th (1919–1921) | |
| 67th (1921–1923) | |
| 68th (1923–1925) | |
| 69th (1925–1927) | |
| 70th (1927–1929) | Lewis Douglas (D)[d] |
| 71st (1929–1931) | |
| 72nd (1931–1933) | |
| 73rd (1933–1935) | Isabella Greenway (D) |
| 74th (1935–1937) | |
| 75th (1937–1939) | John R. Murdock (D) |
| 76th (1939–1941) | |
| 77th (1941–1943) |
1943–1963: 2 seats
[edit]Following the 1940 census, Arizona was apportioned two seats.[46] For six years, the seats were elected statewide on a general ticket. In 1949, districts were used.[48]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | 2 seats elected on a general ticket | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st seat | 2nd seat | |
| 78th (1943–1945) | John R. Murdock (D) | Richard F. Harless (D) |
| 79th (1945–1947) | ||
| 80th (1947–1949) | ||
| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district |
| 81st (1949–1951) | John R. Murdock (D) | Harold Patten (D) |
| 82nd (1951–1953) | ||
| 83rd (1953–1955) | John Jacob Rhodes (R) | |
| 84th (1955–1957) | Stewart Udall (D)[e] | |
| 85th (1957–1959) | ||
| 86th (1959–1961) | ||
| 87th (1961–1963) | ||
| Mo Udall (D) | ||
1963–1973: 3 seats
[edit]Following the 1960 census, Arizona was apportioned three seats.[46]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
| 88th (1963–1965) | John Jacob Rhodes (R) |
Mo Udall (D) | George F. Senner Jr. (D) |
| 89th (1965–1967) | |||
| 90th (1967–1969) | Sam Steiger (R) | ||
| 91st (1969–1971) | |||
| 92nd (1971–1973) | |||
1973–1983: 4 seats
[edit]Following the 1970 census, Arizona was apportioned four seats.[46]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
| 93rd (1973–1975) | John Jacob Rhodes (R) |
Mo Udall (D) | Sam Steiger (R) | John Conlan (R) |
| 94th (1975–1977) | ||||
| 95th (1977–1979) | Bob Stump (D) | Eldon Rudd (R) | ||
| 96th (1979–1981) | ||||
| 97th (1981–1983) | ||||
| Bob Stump (R) | ||||
1983–1993: 5 seats
[edit]Following the 1980 census, Arizona was apportioned five seats.[46]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | |
| 98th (1983–1985) | John McCain (R) | Mo Udall (D)[f] | Bob Stump (R) | Eldon Rudd (R) | Jim McNulty (D) |
| 99th (1985–1987) | Jim Kolbe (R) | ||||
| 100th (1987–1989) | Jay Rhodes (R) | Jon Kyl (R) | |||
| 101st (1989–1991) | |||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||
| Ed Pastor (D) | |||||
1993–2003: 6 seats
[edit]Following the 1990 census, Arizona was apportioned six seats.[46]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | |
| 103rd (1993–1995) | Sam Coppersmith (D) | Ed Pastor (D) |
Bob Stump (R) |
Jon Kyl (R) | Jim Kolbe (R) |
Karan English (D) |
| 104th (1995–1997) | Matt Salmon (R) | John Shadegg (R) |
J. D. Hayworth (R) | |||
| 105th (1997–1999) | ||||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | ||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | Jeff Flake (R) | |||||
2003–2013: 8 seats
[edit]Following the 2000 census, Arizona was apportioned eight seats.[46]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | |
| 108th (2003–2005) | Rick Renzi (R) | Trent Franks (R) |
John Shadegg (R) |
Ed Pastor (D) |
J. D. Hayworth (R) | Jeff Flake (R) |
Raúl Grijalva (D) |
Jim Kolbe (R) |
| 109th (2005–2007) | ||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | Harry Mitchell (D) | Gabby Giffords (D)[g] | ||||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | Ann Kirkpatrick (D) | |||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | Paul Gosar (R) | Ben Quayle (R) | David Schweikert (R) | |||||
| Ron Barber (D) | ||||||||
2013–present: 9 seats
[edit]Since the 2010 census, Arizona has been apportioned nine seats.[46]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | |
| 113th (2013–2015) | Ann Kirkpatrick (D) |
Ron Barber (D) | Raúl Grijalva (D) |
Paul Gosar (R) |
Matt Salmon (R) |
David Schweikert (R) |
Ed Pastor (D) | Trent Franks (R)[h] |
Kyrsten Sinema (D) |
| 114th (2015–2017) | Martha McSally (R) |
Ruben Gallego (D) | |||||||
| 115th (2017–2019) | Tom O'Halleran (D) |
Andy Biggs (R) | |||||||
| Debbie Lesko (R) | |||||||||
| 116th (2019–2021) | Ann Kirkpatrick (D) |
Greg Stanton (D) | |||||||
| 117th (2021–2023) | |||||||||
| 118th (2023–2025) | David Schweikert (R) |
Eli Crane (R) | Ruben Gallego (D) |
Greg Stanton (D) |
Juan Ciscomani (R) |
Raúl Grijalva (D) |
Paul Gosar (R) | ||
See also
[edit]
- List of United States congressional districts
- Arizona's congressional districts
- Political party strength in Arizona
Notes
[edit]- ^ Senator McCain died in office.[35]
- ^ Senator Kyl was appointed by governor Doug Ducey to fill the seat of John McCain after McCain's death in office. Kyl resigned at the end of 2018.[36]
- ^ Senator Sinema left the Democratic Party to become an Independent in 2022.[37]
- ^ Representative Douglas resigned to become the Director of the Bureau of the Budget.[47]
- ^ Representative Stewart Udall resigned to become the Secretary of the Interior in the Kennedy cabinet.[38]
- ^ Representative Mo Udall resigned due to the effects of Parkinson's disease.[49]
- ^ Representative Giffords resigned to recover from the assassination attempt against her in the 2011 Tucson shooting.[45]
- ^ Representative Franks resigned from the House after a House Ethics Committee investigation was opened into allegations against him for sexual assault.[50]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Scott, Caylee (February 14, 2022). "The tale of Arizona's unique journey to statehood on its 110th birthday". 12News. KPNX-TV. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Biographical directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: the Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, and the Congress of the United States, from the First through the One Hundred Eighth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to January 3, 2005, inclusive (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 2005. p. 54. ISBN 0-16-073176-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ "Congressional elections and midterm elections | USAGov". USA.gov. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ Duda, Jeremy (December 24, 2010). "Arizona gains 9th congressional seat, but massive growth isn't enough for a tenth | Arizona Capitol Times". Arizona Capitol Times. BridgeTower Media. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b "Isabella Greenway". Women's Plaza of Honor. The Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of The University of Arizona. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c Packwood, Hayden (January 2, 2019). "Here's a look at all of Arizona's 13 US senators". 12News. KPNX-TV. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Duda, Jeremy (April 2, 2024). "Arizona Democratic Rep. Raul Grijalva announces cancer diagnosis". Axios. Axios Media. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate | Arizona". United States Senate. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List". Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
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- ^ "Directory of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ Paul, Megan; Zhang, Ruya; Liu, Bian; Saadai, Payam; Coakley, Brian A. (January 2022). "State-level political partisanship strongly correlates with health outcomes for US children". European Journal of Pediatrics. 181 (1): 273–280. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04203-y. PMID 34272984. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ a b "2022 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "2022 Cook PVI℠: State Map and List". Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
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- ^ "Member Profiles". Office of the Clerk. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "Schweikert, David". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "Crane, Eli". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "Congressman Gallego Sworn into Office | U.S. Congressman Ruben Gallego". Congressman Ruben Gallego. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "Stanton, Greg". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "Biggs, Andrew S." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "Ciscomani, Juan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "Grijalva, Raúl M." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ DeBonis, Mike (October 28, 2021). "Debbie Lesko is sworn into the House, replacing Rep. Trent Franks". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ "Gosar, Paul". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ a b Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett (November 14, 2018). "Arizona's Kyrsten Sinema to be first openly bisexual U.S. senator". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Barnes, Bart (May 30, 1998). "Barry Goldwater Dead at 89". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Glaister, Dan (March 5, 2008). "McCain officially wins Republican nomination". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Archived from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Duda, Jeremy (November 13, 2023). "Arizona appears to be a swing state yet again". Axios. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Singh, Maanvi (November 12, 2022). "Mark Kelly holds on to Arizona seat in critical win for Democrats". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: About the Senate and the Constitution". United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Arizona Senators". United States Senate. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ "Arizona Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps". GovTrack. Civic Impulse. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (February 19, 2016). "Carl Hayden sets congressional longevity record, Feb. 19, 1962". Politico. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Brown, Ann (August 26, 2018). "John McCain dies; Southern Arizona loses steadfast advocate for military bases, wilderness". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Christie, Bob; Riccardi, Nicholas (December 14, 2018). "McCain replacement Sen. Jon Kyl resigning at end of year". AP News. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Kinery, Emma (December 9, 2022). "Arizona Sen. Kyrsten Sinema leaves Democratic Party to become independent". CNBC. CNBC. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b "Udall, Stewart Lee". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Pearson, Richard (December 14, 1998). "Environmental Leader Rep. Mo Udall Dies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ a b Barnes, Bart (August 26, 2003). "John J. Rhodes Dies; Led GOP In House During Watergate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution of United States (1787)
- ^ Corasaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J.; Johnston, Taylor; Lieberman, Rebecca; Weingart, Eden (November 8, 2021). "How Maps Reshape American Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ Duda, Jeremy (April 26, 2021). "Arizona census stunner: No 10th congressional seat". Arizona Mirror. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "President Biden Announces Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom". The White House. July 1, 2022. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ a b Parkinson, John (January 25, 2012). "Gabrielle Giffords Resigns From Congress". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Historical Apportionment Data (1910-2020)". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ Whitman, Alden (March 8, 1974). "Lewis W. Douglas Is Dead; Envoy to Britain 1947–50". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "John Murdock Easy Winner". Arizona Daily Star. Tucson, Arizona. September 9, 1948. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Hess, David (April 20, 1991). "Mo Udall, quick-witted congressman, forced to retire". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas (December 7, 2017). "House Republican Trent Franks Resigns Amid Harassment Investigation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.