AS-90
| AS-90 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) AS-90 in Hertfordshire | |
| Type | Self-propelled howitzer |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1992–present |
| Used by | See Operators |
| Wars | Iraq War
Russo-Ukrainian War |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1982–1987 |
| Manufacturer | Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Limited |
| Produced | 1992–1995 |
| No. built | 179 |
| Variants | See Variants |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 45 t (44 long tons; 50 short tons) |
| Length |
|
| Barrel length | 6.022 m (19 ft 9.1 in) L/39 |
| Width | 3.4 m (11 ft 2 in) |
| Height | 3 m (9 ft 10 in) |
| Crew | 5 |
| Calibre | 155 mm (6.1 in) |
| Barrels | L31 ordnance with double-baffle muzzle brake |
| Breech | Split-block |
| Recoil | 2 diametrically opposed buffers & 1 recuperator 800 mm (31 in) max length |
| Elevation | +1,244 mils (+70°) elevation -89 mils (-5°) depression |
| Traverse | 6,400 mils (360°) |
| Rate of fire |
|
| Effective firing range | 24.7 km (15.3 mi) standard ammunition |
| Armour | All-welded steel armour 17 mm (0.67 in) max thickness |
Main armament | BAE Systems' 155 mm L/39 (48 rounds) |
Secondary armament | 7.62 mm L7 Machine Gun |
| Engine | Cummins VTA-903T-660 14.8 L (900 cu in) V-8 diesel 490 kW (660 hp) at 2,800 rpm |
| Drive | Tracked |
| Transmission | ZF Friedrichshafen LSG 2000 Automatic 4F2R |
| Suspension | Hydropneumatic |
| Ground clearance | 410 mm (16 in) |
| Fuel capacity | 750 L (160 imp gal) |
Operational range | 370 km (230 mi) |
| Maximum speed | 55 km/h (34 mph) |
| References | Janes[1] |
The AS-90 ("Artillery System for the 1990s"), known officially as Gun Equipment 155 mm L131, is an armoured self-propelled artillery used by the British Army.
It can fire standard charges up to 24.7 km (15.3 mi) using 39-calibre long barrel and 30 km (19 mi) with 52-caliber long barrel.[2] The maximum rate of fire is 3 rounds in 10 seconds (burst); 6 per minute for 3 minutes (intense); and 2 per minute for 60 minutes (sustained).
History
[edit]
AS-90 was designed and built by the armaments division of Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL). Between 1992 and 1995, VSEL supplied 179 vehicles at a cost of £300 million ($480 million). The AS-90 was first deployed by the British Army in 1993.[3] The AS-90s were acquired to re-equip six of the eight self-propelled field artillery regiments (each of 24 guns) in the I (BR) Corps, replacing the 105 mm FV433 Abbot and older M109 155 mm Self Propelled Gun and FH70 towed howitzer. In 1999, VSEL became a part of BAE Systems.
In 1999, Marconi Electronic Systems was contracted to upgrade British Army AS-90s to include a 52 calibre gun in order to increase the range of the artillery.[4] Critical to the programme was a bi-modular charge system from Somchem of South Africa (selected after extensive trials of ammunition from many suppliers), which offered greatly reduced barrel wear. However, this ammunition failed to meet the requirement for insensitive munitions and the project was terminated.[5]
It remains in UK service and equips three field regiments supporting armoured infantry brigades for the foreseeable future. In 2008, there were 134 AS-90 in service further reduced to 117 by 2015.[6] In 2008 and 2009, a capability enhancement programme primarily upgraded AS-90's electronic system.
The initial expected out-of-service date for the AS-90 had been 2030,[7] but this was later delayed to 2032 with a replacement planned to enter service in 2029.[8]
On 24 April 2022, the Daily Express reported that AS-90s and 45,000 artillery rounds would be sent to Ukraine[9] but that was subsequently denied by Defence Secretary Ben Wallace.[10] On 14 January 2023, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced that Britain would send 30 AS-90 to Ukraine, amongst other supplies (including 14 Challenger 2 tanks), for use in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War.[11]
To fill the gap in British Army artillery left by the donation, the UK government announced they were buying 14 Archer Artillery Systems in March 2023. The deal was negotiated in just eight weeks as part of the Urgent Operational Requirement procurement process; the first vehicles are to be fully operational by April 2024. The purchase will fill a hole in capabilities until a new system is decided upon as part of the Mobile Fires Platform program, where Archer was a competitor.[12] On April 23, 2024 the UK government announced that the AS-90 would be replaced by the RCH 155.[13]
Development
[edit]AS-90 started in the mid-1980s as a private venture on the gamble that the tri-national SP70 would fail. When this did occur, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) issued a cardinal point specification on one page for a new 155 mm self-propelled gun. The MoD was also required to consider the US "Paladin", an upgraded M109 howitzer. The MoD undertook studies in 2006–09 to "up-gun" the Royal Navy's main shipboard gun armament, the 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun, to accept 155 mm ammunition from the AS-90.[14] This would have introduced a common gun calibre for the British Army and Royal Navy, helping with ammunition logistics, and encouraging joint Army-Navy development of extended-range and precision-guided shells.[15] The development of this gun for the Royal Navy was stopped due to budget cuts in the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010.
Design
[edit]
In 1963 certain NATO nations, including the UK, agreed to a "Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding" for a 155 mm 39 calibre ordnance and a baseline projectile with the shape used for the US M549 rocket-assisted shell. The AS-90 uses a conforming 39 calibre barrel which fires the L15 unassisted projectile out to a range of 24.7 km (15.3 mi). However, this was a new design of ordnance using a split sliding block breech with Crossley obturation,[16] instead of the more usual screw breech, to permit bagged charges (no metal cartridge cases). The breech mechanism has a primer magazine holding 18 primers. The standard ammunition is that designed for FH-70 (L15 HE and associated propelling charges) although in training the less effective but cheaper M107 with Green and White propelling charges is used.
It is fitted with an auxiliary power unit to eliminate the need to run the main engine to keep the batteries charged while stationary; electrical servos drive the automated elevation, traverse, magazine, shell transfer arm and loader as well as power for electronics and communications.
The vehicle is fitted with an autonomous navigation and gun laying dynamic reference unit (DRU) mounted on the trunnion. All main turret functions are controlled by a Turret Control Computer (TCC) with control and display units for the No 1 (Detachment Commander), No 2 (loader) and No 3 (layer). The combination of the DRU, TCC and powered laying controls provide autolaying. Every gun is fitted with a radar Muzzle Velocity Measuring Device. Reversionary mode laying uses deflection laying via the direct fire sight.
The gun can be brought into action fully closed down; the barrel can be clamped and unclamped from within the vehicle. In-to and out-of action times are less than one minute.
The gun is compatible with the extended-range guided projectile M982 Excalibur.[2]
Combat history
[edit]
The AS90 was deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo in the 1990s to support NATO peacekeeping efforts during the Yugoslav Wars.[17] 32 AS90s were also deployed during the 2003 Iraq War.[18] Speaking of their capability, Commander of the British land component, General Brims, commented that "the phenomenal accuracy of it, [was] way beyond anything that one might have expected".[19] AS90s were used to shell Iraqi mortar positions during the Battle of Basra, one of the opening battles of the conflict.[20] In October 2023, Defence Minister Adam Ingram stated it had a 92% availability rate during the war.[21]
Ukraine
[edit]A total of 20 battle-ready AS90s and 12 non-functional spares were donated to Ukraine by the UK in 2023 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[22] with first combat usage in June 2023.[2] According to Ukrainian forces, the AS90 outperforms their existing Soviet-era artillery systems, such as the 2S1 Gvozdika and 2S3 Akatsiya, in both range and accuracy.[23] In July 2024, the UK Ministry of Defence announced a new package of support for Ukraine including 10 AS90s and support for previously gifted ones.[24][25]
As of July 2024, the Oryx blog recorded Ukrainian losses at 12 units (7 destroyed and 5 damaged).[26]
Specifications
[edit]
- Crew: 5, on board when moving (driver plus 4 gun detachment), full gun detachment 10 including driver, 4 detachment members in the turret.
- Length: 9.07 m
- Width: 3.3 m
- Height: 3.0 m
- Armour: 17 mm (maximum, steel)
- Weight: 45 tons[vague]
- Calibre: 155 mm
- Range: 24.7 km (15.3 mi) (39 cal) standard charges, 30 km (19 mi) (52 cal) 52-caliber long barrel
- Rate of fire: 3 rounds in 10 seconds (burst), 6 rounds per minute for 3 minutes (intense), 2 rounds per minute for 60 minutes (sustained)
- Secondary armament: 7.62 mm L7 GPMG
- Ammunition carried: 48 projectiles and charges (31 turret and 17 hull), 1000 MG rounds
- Main engine: Cummins VTA903T 660 bhp 90 degree V8, 4 stroke, liquid cooled, turbo diesel
- Max speed: 55 km/h (34 mph) (Road)
- Vehicle range: 370 km (230 mi) (Road)
- Ground clearance: 0.41 m; Gradient: 60°; Vertical obstacle: 0.75 m; Trench crossing: 2.8 m; Fording depth: 1.5 m
Variants
[edit]
AS-90D
- Modified for desert use. Thermal protection for crew and extra cooling for engine and machinery. Tracks adapted for reduced wear in sandy conditions.
AS-90 Braveheart
- AS-90 fitted with 52-calibre main gun. The project was terminated due to non-compliant propellant charges.[citation needed]
AHS Krab – (Armatohaubica Krab, Cannon-howitzer crab)
- Licensed Braveheart turret on a South Korean K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzer chassis, with Polish Azalia BMS. Designed and integrated in Poland, by Huta Stalowa Wola and WB Electronics. Two Krab prototypes were built in 2001, and successfully completed all required evaluations and state acceptance trials. Initial serial production started in 2008, with eight units delivered to the Polish Land Forces for testing on a locally built chassis.[27] In 2014 production of the Krab chassis was forwarded to Samsung Techwin, which agreed to provide 120 units, replacing the Polish-built UPG chassis in series production vehicles.[28]
Operators
[edit]Current operators
[edit]
British Army[29][30]- 57 AS-90 in active service as of 2023.[31] Additional 16 units pledged to Ukraine by September 2024.[32]
Ukrainian Ground Forces- 36 operational ones and 12 non-functional spares received from UK. At least 7 were destroyed and at least 5 damaged.[26]
References
[edit]
- ^ Janes (28 January 2022), "AS90 (155 mm)", Janes Land Warfare Platforms: Artillery & Air Defence, Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Group UK Limited., retrieved 27 March 2023
- ^ a b c "First combat operation for Ukrainian AS90 howitzers donated by UK against Russian forces". Army Recognition Group. 23 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "AS-90". deagel.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
- ^ George Robertson (9 June 1999), "AS90 Howitzer", House of Commons Debates, vol. 332, UK Parliament, cc330-1W, retrieved 28 December 2016
- ^ "AS90 Braveheart 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer". Army Technology. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ "Vehicle & Aircraft Holdings within the scope of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty - 2015 Edition" (PDF). UK Ministry of Defence. 23 April 2015. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2023.
- ^ Francois, Mark; Quin, Jeremy (9 March 2020). "Artillery: Decommissioning:Written question – 24276". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ Chuter, Andrew (29 July 2020). "British Army's AS90 howitzers to stick around amid replacement delay". Defense News. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
- ^ "United Kingdom to provide AS90 155mm tracked self-propelled howitzers to Ukraine". Army Recognition. 24 April 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (25 April 2022). "UK military aid to Ukraine could rise to £500m, MPs told". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ Beale, Jonathan; Andersson, Jasmine (15 January 2023). "UK to send Challenger 2 tanks to Ukraine, Rishi Sunak confirms". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ Chuter, Andrew (16 March 2023). "British Army buys 14 Archer howitzers to fill gap left by Ukraine aid". Defense News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024.
- ^ Allison, George (24 April 2024). "Britain to purchase Boxer-based RCH155 artillery systems". Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "155MM Study Looks To Pack More Punch Into The Royal Navy's Fleet". BAE Systems. 14 December 2007. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.
- ^ "Army to get new precision "search and destroy" anti-armour weapon". UK Ministry of Defence. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007.
- ^ "Obturator for ordnance". Free Patents Online. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023.
- ^ "British Army Review - The Yugoslav Wars". British Army. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Iraq – in the House of Lords at 6:27 pm on 20 January 2003". Hansard. Parliament. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Hansard, July 2003".
- ^ "Troops lay siege to Basra". The Guardian. 26 March 2003. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Defence Procurement". Hansard. Parliament.
- ^ a b "DE&S secures Archer artillery systems to replace AS90 for British Army". UK Ministry of Defence. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ "UK-Donated AS90 Howitzers Outperform Old Soviet-Made Artillery in Accuracy and Range in Ukraine". Army Recognition. 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ a b Watling, Tom (7 July 2024). "Defence Secretary directs officials to fast-track military support to Ukraine". The Independent. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ a b Baker, Tim (8 July 2024). "Labour defence secretary travels to Ukraine as govt pledges new supplies to Kyiv". Sky News. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ a b Oryx. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ "Kraby dla 11. MPA" [Krabs for the 11th Masurian Artillery Regiment]. Altair (in Polish). Warsaw, Poland: Altair Agencja Lotnicza. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Palowski, Jakub (18 December 2014). "Krab Howitzers to get Korean Chassis. PGZ Decision Ends the Crisis". Defence24. Warsaw, Poland: Defence24 Sp. z o.o. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine war: UK reveals number of tanks to be sent to Kyiv for first time". Sky News. 15 January 2023. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "PM accelerates Ukraine support ahead of anniversary of Putin's war". GOV.UK. 14 January 2023. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "UK armed forces equipment and formations 2023". Gov.uk. Ministry of Defence. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
- ^ a b "UK to speed up military kit deliveries to support Ukraine's fight". Gov.uk. Ministry of Defence. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
- ^ a b "1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery". British Army. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2015.